Site icon OCF Life

Characterising support and care assistants in formal hospital settings: a scoping review | Human Resources for Health

  • Gerdtz MF, Nelson S. 5–20: a model of minimum nurse-to-patient ratios in Victoria, Australia. J Nurs Manag. 2007;15(1):64–71.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Assembly 53. The World Health Report 2000: health systems: improving performance. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/79020: WHO; 2000 29 March 2000. Contract No.: A53/4.

  • Drennan IR, Blanchard IE, Buick JE. Opportunity for change: is it time to redefine the role of paramedics in healthcare? Can J Emerg Med. 2021;23(2):139–40.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the sustainable development goals. Geneva: WHO; 2016.


    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organization. Strengthening quality midwifery education: WHO meeting report, July 25–26, 2016. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017. Contract No.: WHO/FWC/MCA/17.12.

  • Ministry of Health Kenya. Kenya Health Workforce Report: The Status of Healthcare Professionals in Kenya, 2015. In: MOH, editor. Nairobi: The Task Force for Global Health; 2015.

  • World Health Organization. State of the world’s nursing 2020: investing in education, jobs and leadership. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Contract No.: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

  • World Health Organization. Global Strategy on human resources for health: workfoce 2030. In: WHO, editor. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document Production Services; 2016.

  • 75th World Health Assembly. Seventy-fifth World Health Assembly – Daily update: 27 May 2022 who.int/news: WHO; 2022 [updated 27 May 2022; cited 2022 June 2022]. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-05-2022-seventy-fifth-world-health-assembly—daily-update–27-may-2022.

  • World Health Organisation. Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 2030. In: Assembly tWH, editor. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document Production Services; 2016.

  • Fitzgerald L, Gathara D, McKnight J, Nzinga J, English M. Are health care assistants part of the long-term solution to the nursing workforce deficit in Kenya? Hum Resour Health. 2020;18(1):79.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gathara D, Serem G, Murphy GAV, Obengo A, Tallam E, Jackson D, et al. Missed nursing care in newborn units: a cross-sectional direct observational study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2020;29(1):19–30.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organisation. Task Shifting: Global Recommendations and Guidelines. In: Services HSa, editor. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Document Production Services; 2008. p. 80.

  • Griffiths P, Maruotti A, Recio Saucedo A, Redfern OC, Ball JE, Briggs J, et al. Nurse staffing, nursing assistants and hospital mortality: retrospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ Qual Saf. 2019;28(8):609–17.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mijovic H, McKnight J, English M. What does the literature tell us about health workers’ experiences of task-shifting projects in sub-Saharan Africa? a systematic, qualitative review. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25(15–16):2083–100.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Needleman J, Shekelle PG. More ward nursing staff improves inpatient outcomes, but how much is enough? BMJ Qual Saf. 2019;28(8):603–5.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Dawson AJ, Buchan J, Duffield C, Homer CS, Wijewardena K. Task shifting and sharing in maternal and reproductive health in low-income countries: a narrative synthesis of current evidence. Health Policy Plan. 2014;29(3):396–408.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chapman SA, Blash LK. New roles for medical assistants in innovative primary care practices. Health Serv Res. 2017;52(Suppl 1):383–406.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gray MF, Coleman K, Walsh-Bailey C, Girard S, Lozano P. An-expanded-role-for-the-medical-assistant-in-priamary care: evaluating a training pilot. Perm J. 2021;25(4):1–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Deller B, Tripathi V, Stender S, Otolorin E, Johnson P, Carr C. Task shifting in maternal and newborn health care: key components from policy to implementation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015;130(Suppl 2):S25-31.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hewko SJ, Cooper SL, Huynh H, Spiwek TL, Carleton HL, Reid S, et al. Invisible no more: a scoping review of the health care aide workforce literature. BMC Nurs. 2015;14:38.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Beavis J, Davis L, McKenzie S. Clinical supervision for support workers in paediatric palliative care: a literature review. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;26(1):191–206.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Baratto MAM, Seidel EJ, Morais BX, Munhoz OL, Silva SCd, de Souza MCZTSB. Patient safety culture: perspective of health and support workers. Acta Paul Enferm. 2021;34(4):1–8.


    Google Scholar
     

  • Zeytinoglu IU, Denton M, Brookman C, Plenderleith J. Task shifting policy in Ontario, Canada: does it help personal support workers’ intention to stay? Health Policy. 2014;117(2):179–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Lizarondo L, Kumar S, Hyde L, Skidmore D. Allied health assistants and what they do: a systematic review of the literature. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2010;3:143–53.

    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Blay N, Roche MA. A systematic review of activities undertaken by the unregulated nursing assistant. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(7):1538–51.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Vaughan S, Melling K, O’Reilly L, Cooper D. Understanding the debate around regulation of support workers. British Journal of Nursing. 2014;23(5):260–3.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Joanna Briggs Institute. Critical Appraisal Tools https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools: Joanna Briggs Institute; 2020 [updated 2020. https://jbi.global/critical-appraisal-tools.

  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, Mclnerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews. 2020. In: JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis [Internet]. https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/: JBI. 2020. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/.

  • The roles and impact of ward assistants on patient care in hospital settings: a scoping review protocol [Internet]. Open Science Framework. 2022 [cited October 4, 2022]. https://osf.io/eqtpu.

  • Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. 2020 ed. https://synthesismanual.jbi.global/: JBI; 2020.

  • Peters MDJ. In no uncertain terms: the importance of a defined objective in scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2016;14(2):1–4.


    Google Scholar
     

  • The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. Data [Internet]. 2021 02/07/2022 [cited 2022 July 2022]. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.

  • EndNote. EndNote 20 https://endnote.com/: Clarivate; 2022 [cited 2022. https://endnote.com/.

  • Munn ZA-O, Peters MDJ, Stern C, Tufanaru C, McArthur A, Aromataris E. Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. (1471–2288 (Electronic)).

  • LUMIVERO, QSR International. NVIVO. In: Lumivero, editor. https://lumivero.com/products/nvivo/: QSR International; 2023. p. https://lumivero.com/products/nvivo/.

  • Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372: n71.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cavendish C. The Cavendish Review: An Independent Review into Healthcare Assistants and Support Workers in the NHS and social care settings. online: Department of Health and Social Care; 2013 10 July 2013.

  • Barken R, Denton M, Plenderleith J, Zeytinoglu IU, Brookman C. Home care workers’ skills in the context of task shifting: complexities in care work. Can Rev Sociol. 2015;52(3):289–309.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Thornley C. A question of competence? Re-evaluatirig the roles of the nursing auxiliary and health care assistant in the NHS. J Clin Nurs. 2000;9(3):451–8.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McKenna HP, Hasson F, Keeney S. Patient safety and quality of care: the role of the health care assistant. J Nurs Manage. 2004;12(6):452–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hewko SJ, Cooper SL, Huynh H, Spiwek TL, Carleton HL, Reid S, et al. Invisible no more: a scoping review of the health care aide workforce literature. BMC Nurs. 2015;14(1):38.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hancock H, Campbell S. Developing the role of the healthcare assistant. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987). 2006; 20(49): 35–41.

  • Weir J. Effect of a training programme on the work of GP-based HCAs. Pract Nurs. 2015;26(7):351–5.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roche MA, Duffield C, Friedman S, Dimitrelis S, Rowbotham S. Regulated and unregulated nurses in the acute hospital setting: tasks performed, delayed or not completed. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25(1–2):153–62.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • National Health Service. Healthcare Assistant https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/healthcare-support-worker/roles-healthcare-support-worker/healthcare-assistant: NHS; n.d [cited 2023 February 2023].

  • Bosley S, Dale J. Healthcare assistants in general practice: practical and conceptual issues of skill-mix change. Br J Gen Pract. 2008;58(547):118.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Bach S, Kessler I, Heron P. Role redesign in a modernised NHS: the case of health care assistants. Hum Resour Manag J. 2008;18(2):171–87.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spilsbury K, Meyer J. Use, misuse and non-use of health care assistants: understanding the work of health care assistants in a hospital setting. J Nurs Manage. 2004;12(6):411–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Duffield C, Twigg D, Roche M, Williams A, Wise S. Uncovering the disconnect between nursing workforce policy intentions, implementation, and outcomes: lessons learned from the addition of a nursing assistant role. Policy Polit Nurs Pract. 2019;20(4):228–38.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Burns S, Blair V. Health care assistants in general practice. Primary Health Care. 2007;17(6):35–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Furaker C. Health care assistants’ and mental attendants’ daily work tasks in acute hospital care. J Res Nurs. 2008;13(6):542–53.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Duffield CM, Twigg DE, Pugh JD, Evans G, Dimitrelis S, Roche MA. The use of unregulated staff: time for regulation? Policy Polit Nurs Pract. 2014;15(1–2):42–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • MacKay FD, Anderson JE, Klein MC, Berkowitz J, MacKay JT, Gailius J. The modified medical office assistant role in rural diabetes care. Can J Rural Med. 2014;19(2):49–56.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hasson F, McKenna H, Keeney S, Gillen P. What do midwifery healthcare assistants do? Investigating the role of the trained healthcare assistant. RCM Midwives. 2005;8(2):74–7.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Chang AM. Perceived functions and usefulness of health service support workers. J Adv Nurs. 1995;21(1):64–74.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Cartwright AK, Pain T, Heslop DJ. Substitution, delegation or addition? Implications of workforce skill mix on efficiency and interruptions in computed tomography. Aust Health Rev. 2021;45(3):382–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Duffield C, Roche M, Twigg D, Williams A, Rowbotham S, Clarke S. Adding unregulated nursing support workers to ward staffing: exploration of a natural experiment. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(19–20):3768–79.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Abrahamson K, Fox R, Roundtree A, Farris K. Nursing assistants’ perceptions of their role in the resident experience. Nurs Health Sci. 2020;22(1):72–81.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Faulkner K, Sutton S, Jamison J, Sloan M, Boase S, Naughton F. Are nurses and auxiliary healthcare workers equally effective in delivering smoking cessation support in primary care? Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(5):1054–60.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Jennings L, Yebadokpo AS, Affo J, Agbogbe M, Tankoano A. Task shifting in maternal and newborn care: a non-inferiority study examining delegation of antenatal counseling to lay nurse aides supported by job aids in Benin. Implement Sci. 2011;6:2.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Just DT, O’Rourke HM, Berta WB, Variath C, Cranley LA. Expanding the concept of end-of-life care in long-term care: a scoping review exploring the role of healthcare assistants. Int J Older People Nurs. 2021;16(2):e12353.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arnon Z, Ben-Arye E, Attias S, Levy O, Schiff E. Integrative medicine as a change agent of hospital staff: from hospital orderlies to partners in health promotion. Eur J Integr Med. 2018;18:42–6.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Castle NG, Anderson RA. Caregiver staffing in nursing homes and their influence on quality of care: using dynamic panel estimation methods. Med Care. 2011;49(6):545–52.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Olson D, Preidis GA, Milazi R, Spinler JK, Lufesi N, Mwansambo C, et al. Task shifting an inpatient triage, assessment and treatment programme improves the quality of care for hospitalised Malawian children. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(7):879–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Mallidou AA, Cummings GG, Schalm C, Estabrooks CA. Health care aides use of time in a residential long-term care unit: A time and motion study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2013;50(9):1229–39.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Peduzzi M, Anselmi ML, França I Jr, dos Santos CB. Quality of procedures delivered by nursing assistants. Rev Saude Publica. 2006;40(5):843–50.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Yang PH, Hung CH, Chen YC. The impact of three nursing staffing models on nursing outcomes. J Adv Nurs. 2015;71(8):1847–56.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Trinkoff AM, Storr CL, Lerner NB, Yang BK, Han K. CNA training requirements and resident care outcomes in nursing homes. Gerontologist. 2017;57(3):501–8.

    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Griffiths P, Ball J, Murrells T, Jones S, Rafferty AM. Registered nurse, healthcare support worker, medical staffing levels and mortality in English hospital trusts: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;6(2): e008751.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hirose N, Morita K, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Association between nurse aide staffing and patient mortality after major cancer surgeries in acute care settings: a retrospective cohort study. Nurs Health Sci. 2022;24(1):283–92.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spilsbury K, Meyer J. Making claims on nursing work: exploring the work of healthcare assistants and the implications for registered nurses’ roles. J Res Nurs. 2005;10(1):65–83.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Hyer K, Thomas KS, Branch LG, Harman JS, Johnson CE, Weech-Maldonado R. The influence of nurse staffing levels on quality of care in nursing homes. Gerontologist. 2011;51(5):610–6.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Tzeng HM. Roles of nurse aides and family members in acute patient care in Taiwan. J Nurs Care Qual. 2004;19(2):169–75.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Gransjön Craftman Å, Grape C, Ringnell K, Westerbotn M. Registered nurses’ experience of delegating the administration of medicine to unlicensed personnel in residential care homes. J Clin Nurs. 2016;25(21–22):3189–98.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Warr J. Experiences and perceptions of newly prepared health care assistants (Level 3 NVQ). Nurse Educ Today. 2002;22(3):241–50.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • World Health Organisation. WHO recommendations: Optimizing health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting. In: WHO, editor.: WHO Optimize MNH; 2012, 2014. p. 98.

  • World Health Organisation. Health Systems Financing: The Path to Universal Health Coverage. Plan of Action. 2012 December 2022 [cited 2022. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/341183/WHO-HSS-HSF-2012.01-eng.pdf?sequence=1.

  • Smith DA. Aide for a day. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2001;2(4):166–9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Arblaster G, Streather C, Hugill L, McKenzie M, Missenden J. A training programme for healthcare support workers. Nurs Stand. 2004;18(43):33–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • King P, Crawford D. Healthcare assistants in the children’s intensive care unit. Paediatr Nurs. 2009;21(1):48–51.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • The North-West Accident and Emergency Managers’ Forum. Role of the health care support worker in the A & E department. The North-West accident and emergency managers’ forum. Accid Emerg Nurs. 1997;5(3):131–3.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • American Red Cross. Certified Nursing Assistant2022 January 2023 . https://www.redcross.org/take-a-class/cna. Accessed Jan 2023.

  • McMullen TL, Resnick B, Chin-Hansen J, Geiger-Brown JM, Miller N, Rubenstein R. Certified nurse aide scope of practice: state-by-state differences in allowable delegated activities. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(1):20–4.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • National Council of State Boards of Nursing. National guidelines for nursing delegation. J Nurs Regul. 2016;7(1):5–14.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Nyberg DB, Campbell JL. An orientation program for unlicensed assistive personnel. AORN journal. 1997; 66(3): 445–9, 52–54.

  • Tou YH, Liu MF, Chen SR, Lee PH, Kuo LM, Lin PC. Investigating missed care by nursing aides in Taiwanese long-term care facilities. J Nurs Manag. 2020;28(8):1918–28.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Health Services Unit-KEMRI Wellcome Trust. Draft Report on Scope of work for Neonatal Healthcare Assistants. KEMRI Wellcome Trust; 2018 2018.

  • Nabudere H, Asiimwe D, Mijumbi R. Task shifting in maternal and child health care: an evidence brief for Uganda. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2011;27(2):173–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • TAFE South Australia. Certificate III in Allied Health Assistance online: TAFE SA; 2022. https://www.tafesa.edu.au/xml/course/aw/aw_TP00870.aspx?S=AWD&Y=2023. Accessed May 2023.

  • International Labour Organisation. International Standard Classification of Occupations ILO; 2004. https://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco88/5132.htm. Accessed May 2023.

  • Gray MF, Coleman K, Walsh-Bailey C, Girard S, Lozano P. An expanded role for the medical asssitant in primary care: evaluating a training pilot. Perm J. 2021;25(4):1–9.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Roche MA, Friedman S, Duffield C, Twigg DE, Cook R. A comparison of nursing tasks undertaken by regulated nurses and nursing support workers: a work sampling study. J Adv Nurs. 2017;73(6):1421–32.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • McCloskey R, Donovan C, Stewart C, Donovan A. How registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and resident aides spend time in nursing homes: an observational study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52(9):1475–83.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Denton M, Brookman C, Zeytinoglu I, Plenderleith J, Barken R. Task shifting in the provision of home and social care in Ontario, Canada: implications for quality of care. Health Soc Care Community. 2015;23(5):485–92.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ward S, Stewart D, Ford D, Mullen AM, Makic MBF. Educating certified nursing assistants educational offerings on the run and more. J Nurses Prof Dev. 2014;30(6):296–302.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Spilsbury K, Stuttard L, Adamson J, Atkin K, Borglin G, McCaughan D, et al. Mapping the introduction of assistant practitioner roles in acute NHS (Hospital) trusts in England. J Nurs Manage. 2009;17(5):615–26.

    Article 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Kirschner MH, Nebendahl M, Russo SG, Tecklenburg A, Bauer M. Legal position of non-medical personnel in hospitals. Anaethesist. 2013;62(5):396–404.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Ulsenheimer K. Delegation of medical responsibilities to non-medical personnel. Anaesthesist. 2009;58(5):453–8.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar
     

  • Omondi GB, Murphy GAV, Jackson D, Brownie S, English M, Gathara D. Informal task-sharing practices in inpatient newborn settings in a low-income setting—a task analysis approach. Nurs Open. 2020;7(3):869–78.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar
     

  • link

    Exit mobile version